Author: David Bernie

What is Trust Land?

Pala GIS Department

For more information, contact Matthey Deveney, Director:
760-891-3512 | mdeveney@palatribe.com | Pala GIS Department

Text-based Version

What is Trust Land?

Trust Land refers to land where the legal title is held by the United States government for the benefit of a Native American tribe or individual. While the government holds title, the beneficial interest remains with the tribe or individual, meaning they are the true users and beneficiaries of the land.

Trust Land at a Glance

• Held in Trust – Title is held by the U.S. government, but the beneficial rights belong to tribes or individuals.
• Restricted Transfer – Any sale, lease, or transfer must be approved by the federal government, and is unlikely.
• Tax-Exempt – Trust land is generally exempt from state and local property taxes.
• Supports Tribal Sovereignty – Trust status helps preserve tribal lands and self-determination.

Trust Land

• Title held by the U.S. government for the tribe/individual
• Requires federal approval for sale/transfer
• Exempt from property taxes
• Governed by federal and tribal law

Fee Land

• Owned outright by an individual or entity
• Can be sold, mortgaged, or transferred without federal approval
• Subject to property taxes
• Governed by local/state law

Why It’s Important

Understanding the role of trust land is essential for:

• Tribal sovereignty and governance
• Protecting Native cultural and land rights
• Property taxation and jurisdiction
• Economic development and land use planning

Questions

Would you like a map of your trust land? Feel free to contact the Pala GIS Department:
(760)891-3500 | gis@palatribe.com | www.palatribe.com/residents/gis-department

Sources

1. U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Fee to Trust Land Acquisitions. Bureau of Indian Affairs
2. U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Benefits of Trust Land Acquisition. Bureau of Indian Affairs
3. National Conference of State Legislatures. Summary: Trust Land. NCSL
   Law.Cornell (Legal Information Institute). Definition of “trust land” under 12 USC §1715z-13a(l)(9). Legal Information Institute
4. Every CRS Report. Tribal Lands: Overview and Issues for Congress. Every CRS Report

What is Fee Land?

Pala GIS Department

For more information, contact Matthey Deveney, Director:
760-891-3512 | mdeveney@palatribe.com | Pala GIS Department

Text-based Version

What is Fee Land?

Fee Land (also called fee simple land) is the most complete form of land ownership in the United States. It means the owner has full rights to the land and everything on it, with very few limitations.

Fee Land at a Glance

• Complete Ownership – You own the land, the structures, and the right to transfer it (sell, lease, or pass it down).
• Transferable & Inheritable – Owners can freely sell or leave the land to heirs.
• Subject to Local Laws – Ownership is still bound by taxes, zoning, and legal restrictions.
• Not Held in Trust – Unlike trust land, fee land is not managed by the federal government or a tribe—it is privately owned.

Fee Land

• Owned outright by an individual or entity
• Can be sold, mortgaged, or transferred without federal approval
• Subject to property taxes
• Governed by local/state law and in some instances, tribal law.

Trust Land

• The title is held by the U.S. government for a tribe or an individual
• Requires federal approval for sale/transfer
• Exempt from property taxes
• Governed by federal and tribal law

Why It’s Important

Understanding the difference between fee land and trust land is important for:

• Real estate transactions
• Tribal sovereignty and governance
• Property taxation
• Land development and use

Questions

Would you like a map of your trust land? Feel free to contact the Pala GIS Department:
(760)891-3500 | gis@palatribe.com | www.palatribe.com/residents/gis-department

Sources

1. Cornell Law School, Legal Information Institute. Fee Simple. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/fee_simple
2. Rocket Mortgage. What Is Fee Simple Ownership? https://www.rocketmortgage.com/learn/fee-simple
3. Bankrate. What is Fee Simple? https://www.bankrate.com/real-estate/what-is-fee-simple/
4. Community Planning Extension. Fee Simple Ownership and Land Use Rights. https://community-planning.extension.org/fee-simple-ownership-and-land-use-rights/
5. U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Fee to Trust Land Acquisitions. https://www.bia.gov/bia/ots/fee-to-trust

What is Allotted Land?

Pala GIS Department

For more information, contact Matthey Deveney, Director:
760-891-3512 | mdeveney@palatribe.com | Pala GIS Department

Text-based Version

What is Allotted Land?

Allotted land refers to parcels of land that were assigned to individual Native Americans during the late 19th and early 20th centuries under federal policies intended to reduce Indian reservation land and move Indians off of reservations, most notably the Dawes Act of 1887.

Each eligible tribal member originally received a set acreage (often 80–160 acres).
The land was held in trust by the U.S. government for a period of time before it could be sold or transferred.

Allotted Land at a Glance

• Restricted Trust Status: The U.S. holds legal title, but the Native individual (or their heirs) is the beneficial owner.
• Restrictions: Allotted lands generally cannot be sold, leased, or mortgaged without federal approval.
• Heirship: Over generations, land often became fractionated—owned by many heirs with small undivided interests. Undivided means that each co-owner has the right to use and enjoy the entire property, not just a physical slice of it.
• Checkerboarding: Allotted lands often exist in a patchwork pattern mixed with tribal trust, fee, and non-tribal lands.

Why It’s Important

• Cultural & Family Connection: Allotted lands remain tied to family histories and tribal identity.
• Legal Complexity: Managing heirship and land use requires navigating federal, tribal, and sometimes state law.
• Economic Impact: Trust restrictions can limit development, but also protect lands from being easily lost.
• Tribal Sovereignty: Allotment policies led to massive land loss, but today tribes and families work to recover, consolidate, and preserve these lands.

Quick Facts

• About 90 million acres of tribal land were lost during the allotment era.
• Today, approximately 10 million acres of allotted land remain in trust.
• Pala has 1,119.90 acres of allotted land.
• The American Indian Probate Reform Act (AIPRA) was passed in 2004 to help address heirship and fractionation issues.

Questions

Would you like a map of your trust land? Feel free to contact the Pala GIS Department:
(760)891-3500 | gis@palatribe.com | www.palatribe.com/residents/gis-department

Sources

1. National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) – Trust Lands and Allotments: https://www.ncai.org/policy-issues/land-natural-resources/trust-lands
2. National Archives – Land Allotment Records: https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/allotment
3. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) – Allotments FAQ: https://www.bia.gov/frequently-asked-questions/allotments
4. Indian Land Tenure Foundation – Allotment and the Dawes Act: https://iltf.org/land-issues/allotment/